O Castelo de Marialva, na freguesia de Marialva, concelho de Mêda, ergue-se num esporão, a 613 metros de altitude, sobranceiro ao extenso vale que constituiu o rebordo mais ocidental da Meseta Ibérica.
História
As origens do povoamento deste local são difíceis de precisar por falta de estudos arqueológicos.
Existiu aqui uma cidade romana conhecida por civitas aravorum que se estendia desde a elevação até à ribeira cujos vestígios mais importantes foram detectados na povoação da Devesa. A prová-lo temos inúmeros achados romanos espalhados por toda esta área e a descoberta de duas importantes inscrições latinas, uma ao imperador Adriano, datada de 179 e encontrada no castelo, no século XVI e a outra ao deus Júpiter, provavelmente proveniente do templo do forum.
Os vestígios de uma ocupação contínua permitem admitir a existência de uma fortificação neste mesmo sítio quando D. Afonso Henriques concedeu a carta de foral em 1179. Os amplos privilégios que o monarca concederia aos povoadores explicam-se pela necessidade de fixar populações a esta nova vila imponente pela sua localização - a fronteira entre Portugal e Castela, marcada sobre o curso do rio Côa, distava escassos 8 km a Este - e pelas suas características geoestratégicas - como ponto dominante de uma extensa área aplanada atravessada por uma importante via que, pelo menos desde a época romana, ligava Celorico da Beira ao Douro.
O século XIII parece corresponder a um período de grande prosperidade da vila de que são indicadores importantes o número de paróquias, à data três - São Pedro, São João e Santiago - e a atribuição da carta de feira em 1286 por D. Dinis. Das taxas pagas por cada igreja e da posterior integração de São João na freguesia de São Pedro se depreende também a tendência precoce para a concentração da população no arrabalde que se desenvolveu a norte do circuito muralhado.
A era de Quatrocentos simboliza, em termos sociais e políticos, o ponto de viragem no destino da vila. Reorganizam-se as paróquias e assiste-se a uma gradual recuperação demográfica à qual não terá sido alheia o estabelecimento da comunidade judaica. Ocuparam a zona urbana junto ao troço de muralha Oeste onde se localizam algumas edificações civis que seguem uma tipologia comum e uma edificação religiosa, a sinagoga. Por outro lado são reforçados os poderes municipais dos homens bons por nova carta de foral emitida por D. Manuel em 1515 e, paralelamente, assiste-se à intrusão de uma importante família, os Coutinho, detentores das rendas e o senhorio da vila desde 1440. A filha do último Conde de Marialva, D. Guiomar, viria a casar como Infante D. Fernando, a quem deveremos atribuir a enorme campanha de obras de reestruturação da vila e da fortaleza concluídas em 1559.
Características
O castelo compunha-se de ampla muralha de configuração ovalada, construída em grandes silhares de pedra granítica da região e adaptada às condições topográficas da área em que foi implantada. Esta cerca viria a ser reforçada, no século XIV, por três torreões de planta quadrangular denominados do Relógio, do Monte e dos Namorados. No seu interior, em cota bastante elevada, sobressaindo de um imenso maciço rochoso, a Torre de Menagem dominava toda a malha urbana. Trata-se de um edifício possivelmente dionisino, de planta quase trapezoidal, completado e acrescentado mais tarde.
A cerca e a cisterna em tijolo forrado de argamassa, localizada dentro do recinto devem ser obra dos inícios do século XVI.
Ligações externas
Fotografias
Galeria dos nossos visitantes
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As fotografias apresentadas abaixo são da autoria de Vítor Oliveira.
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